Psychology PG Entrance Exam Solution Theory Questions and Answers

MA Psychology Entrance Test Theory. The syllabus covers all the topics from graduation like general psychology, social psychology, cognitive psychology, abnormal psychology, statistics, developmental psychology, test, assessment, etc.

Psychology PG Entrance Exam Solution Theory Questions and Answers

1.   Analysis of avoidance learning suggests that  many phobias are acquired through

Analysis of avoidance learning suggests that many phobias are acquired through classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to a learned response. In the context of phobias, a neutral stimulus (such as a spider, height, or an elevator) becomes paired with an aversive or fear-inducing stimulus (such as a loud noise or a traumatic experience). Over time, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a fear response, even in the absence of the aversive stimulus.

Avoidance learning plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of phobias. Once a person has acquired a phobia, they may engage in avoidance behaviors to prevent exposure to the feared stimulus. This avoidance behavior reduces immediate anxiety, reinforcing the association between the phobic stimulus and the relief from anxiety. However, the avoidance behavior can also serve to maintain and exacerbate the phobia in the long term. Through avoidance learning, individuals with phobias may become increasingly sensitized to the feared stimulus, making it more challenging to overcome their fear through exposure therapy or other treatment approaches.

2.  The ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instruction without reinforcement is called

A model of receiving instruction without reinforcement is called observational learning or social learning. Observational learning is a process in which individuals learn by observing the behavior, actions, or outcomes of others and imitating or replicating those behaviors. This type of learning occurs through observation and does not necessarily require direct reinforcement or personal experience.

Observational learning involves four main processes: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Individuals pay attention to the model's behavior and its consequences, retain the observed information in memory, reproduce the behavior when appropriate, and are motivated to imitate the behavior based on various factors such as the perceived outcomes or the social context.

Albert Bandura, a prominent psychologist, is well-known for his research on observational learning and the social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of observation and modeling in the acquisition of new behaviors. Observational learning has significant implications in education, socialization, and behavior change as individuals can acquire new skills, attitudes, and behaviors by observing and imitating others without the need for direct reinforcement.

3.   The conditioned response may be eliminated by withdrawing reinforcement. This is known as

The process of eliminating the conditioned response by withdrawing reinforcement is known as extinction. Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus (US), leading to a reduction or eventual elimination of the conditioned response (CR).

In classical conditioning, the initial association between the CS and the US leads to the development of a CR. However, if the CS is consistently presented without the accompanying US, the association weakens over time. This lack of reinforcement leads to the extinction of the conditioned response.

For example, if a dog has been conditioned to salivate (CR) in response to the sound of a bell (CS) because it has been consistently paired with the presentation of food (US), the extinction process involves presenting the bell repeatedly without giving the dog any food. Over time, the dog's salivation response to the bell diminishes and eventually disappears.

It is important to note that extinction does not involve unlearning the association completely. The association between the CS and the CR may still exist, but it becomes weakened or suppressed due to the lack of reinforcement. Additionally, it is possible for the conditioned response to reemerge after a period of extinction through a process known as spontaneous recovery.

4.  any stimulus that followers behavior and increase the likelihood that the behavior will be is called.

The stimulus you're referring to is called a reinforcer.

5.  Perceptual constancies are

Perceptual constancies are a set of cognitive processes that allow us to perceive objects consistently despite changes in their sensory input. They enable us to perceive objects as stable and unchanged even when there are variations in the size, shape, color, or orientation of the stimuli.

There are several types of perceptual constancies:

.Size constancy: It refers to the ability to perceive the true size of an object even when its distance from the observer changes. For example, we can still perceive a car as being the same size whether it is far away or close up.

Shape constancy: It refers to perceiving an object as maintaining its shape regardless of the viewing angle or orientation. For example, we recognize a door as rectangular, even when it is viewed from an angle.

Color constancy: It refers to perceiving the color of an object as relatively stable despite changes in lighting conditions. For example, we can identify a red apple as red regardless of whether it is in bright sunlight or under dim indoor lighting.

Brightness constancy: It refers to perceiving the brightness or lightness of an object as relatively constant, even when the illumination level changes. For example, we can still perceive a white wall as white whether it is in bright daylight or illuminated by a dim light.

Perceptual constancies are believed to be adaptive mechanisms that allow us to make accurate and stable interpretations of the world around us, helping us to perceive objects consistently despite variations in sensory input.

6.  A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system: 

The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system you're referring to is the sympathetic nervous system.

7.  Approaches personality is the least deterministic: 

The humanistic approach to personality is often considered the least deterministic in psychology.

8.  In Freud's theory of personality: 

In Freud's theory of personality Ego, the three main components are the id, ego, and superego.

9.  The frustration-aggression hypothesis: 

The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that frustration often leads to aggressive behavior. Assumes that frustration produces aggression. 

10.  The James-Lange or body reaction theory of emotion says that:

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that our subjective experience of emotion is a result of our bodily reactions to a stimulus.

11.  Piaget's stage for infancy is: 

Piaget's stage of infancy is called the sensorimotor stage.

12.  When a researcher tests several groups of people at the same time each group at a different age, he is conducting a____ study:

When a researcher tests several groups of people at the same time, with each group representing a different age, it is called a cross-sectional study in psychology.

13. An affective disorder in which a person swings from one mood extreme to another is classified as:

An affective disorder in which a person swings from one mood extreme to another is classified as bipolar disorder.

14.  According to Piaget the process of building a mental representation of the world through direct interaction with it is:

According to Piaget, the process of building mental representations of the world through direct interaction with it is called Metacognitive development.

15.  It would be more accurate to say that maturation:

A more accurate term for the process described by Piaget would be maturation. Maturation refers to the biological and physiological changes that occur as a person grows and develops, which contribute to cognitive development and the building of mental representations of the world. Thank you for pointing that out.

16.  Study of gender difference is the subject matter of - social, development, clinical or organizational

The study of gender differences is primarily the subject matter of social psychology. Social psychology focuses on understanding how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social interactions, including factors such as gender roles, stereotypes, and societal expectations related to gender. While other fields like developmental psychology and clinical psychology may also explore gender differences within their respective contexts, social psychology specifically examines the social and interpersonal aspects of gender and its impact on individuals and society.

17.  The Famous book "Principal of Psychology" was an author by 

The famous book "Principles of Psychology" was authored by William James.

18.  According to J.B. Watson 'Psychology is the science of 

According to J.B. Watson, "Psychology is the science of behavior."

19.  An affective disorder in which a person swings from one mood to extreme to another is classified

An affective disorder in which a person swings from one mood extreme to another is classified as bipolar disorder.

20.  The Modern psycholinguistic theory was developed by 

The modern psycholinguistic theory was developed by Noam Chomsky. Chomsky is a prominent linguist and cognitive scientist who proposed the theory of generative grammar and the concept of Universal Grammar, which suggests that humans have an innate ability to acquire language. His work has had a significant impact on the field of psycholinguistics, which explores the psychological processes involved in language acquisition, comprehension, and production.

21.  Abraham Maslow and CarlRoger were the founders of __________approach

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers were the founders of the humanistic approach in psychology. The humanistic approach emphasizes the importance of individual growth, self-actualization, and subjective experience in understanding human behavior and personality. Maslow developed the concept of the hierarchy of needs, while Rogers focused on the importance of unconditional positive regard and the client-centered therapy approach. Both Maslow and Rogers made significant contributions to the humanistic perspective in psychology.

22.  Hope, happiness, optimism, and flow take together as ____ in psychology

Hope, happiness, optimism, and flow can be taken together as positive psychology in psychology. Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on studying and promoting positive aspects of human experiences, such as well-being, resilience, and flourishing. It seeks to understand and enhance factors that contribute to a fulfilling and meaningful life. Concepts like hope, happiness, optimism, and flow are explored within the framework of positive psychology to better understand and cultivate positive emotions, traits, and experiences.

23.  Who is the first woman, awarded Ph. D in psychology

The first woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was Margaret Floy Washburn. She earned her doctoral degree in psychology from Cornell University in 1894. Margaret Floy Washburn made significant contributions to the field of psychology, particularly in the areas of animal behavior and motor theory. She also became the second female president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1921.

24.  In the year 1913, C. G. Jung established his school after separating from Sigmund Freud, which is known as 

In the year 1913, C.G. Jung established his school after separating from Sigmund Freud, which is known Analytical Psychology. Analytical Psychology is a psychological approach that emphasizes the exploration of the individual's unconscious, including the collective unconscious and archetypes. It places importance on the integration of conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche to achieve personal growth and individuation.

25.  The limbic system plays a role:

The limbic system plays a role in emotions, memory, and motivation.

26.  Corpus Callosum is 

The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers located in the brain that connects the left and right hemispheres. Its primary function is to facilitate communication and coordination between the two hemispheres, allowing them to share information and work together. The corpus callosum plays a crucial role in various cognitive processes, such as language, perception, attention, and problem-solving.

27.  According to the earliest theories of hunger, the primary signal that motivates us to eat is 

According to the earliest theories of hunger, the primary signal that motivates us to eat is the physiological sensation of an empty stomach.

28.  According to Herzberg's Two Factor Theory, which of the Hygiene Factors: 

According to Herzberg's Two Factor Theory, hygiene factors are the factors in the workplace that, when absent or inadequate, can lead to job dissatisfaction.

29. Cannot  be used to describe the spread of values in the distribution of data

The term "hygiene factors" is not relevant to describe the spread of values in the distribution of data. In statistics, the spread of values in a distribution is typically described using measures such as range, variance, standard deviation, or interquartile range. The term "hygiene factors" is specific to Herzberg's Two Factor Theory, which pertains to job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the workplace. It is unrelated to describing the spread of values in a data distribution.

30.  A measure of validity that compare  to a different valid procedure is called

A measure of validity that is compared to a different valid procedure is called concurrent validity. Concurrent validity involves evaluating the degree to which a new measurement or test aligns with an established measurement or test that is already considered valid. By comparing the results of the new measure with an existing valid measure, researchers can assess the extent to which the new measure accurately captures the same construct or phenomenon.

31.  In experimental design, the variable that is manipulated is the 

In experimental design, the variable that is manipulated is called the independent variable. The independent variable is the factor or condition that the researcher deliberately changes or controls to observe its effects on the dependent variable. The dependent variable, on the other hand, is the variable that is measured or observed to determine the outcome or response to the manipulation of the independent variable.

32.  When a large number of people respond to questions about their attitudes or behavior, it is called

When a large number of people respond to questions about their attitudes or behavior, it is called a survey. Surveys are a research method used to gather data by asking individuals to provide information about their opinions, beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors through a set of structured questions. Surveys can be conducted through various means, such as in-person interviews, telephone interviews, paper-based questionnaires, or online surveys. They are commonly used in social sciences, market research, and public opinion polling to collect data from a representative sample of individuals.

33. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)  is based upon the defense mechanism of :

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is not specifically based upon a defense mechanism. Instead, it is a projective psychological test that aims to reveal an individual's underlying thoughts, motives, and personality characteristics by having them interpret ambiguous pictures. The TAT involves presenting individuals with a series of images and asking them to create a story about each picture, including details about the characters, their thoughts, feelings, and the events depicted. The interpretation of the stories can provide insights into an individual's unconscious desires, conflicts, and needs. Defense mechanisms, on the other hand, are psychological processes that help individuals cope with anxiety and protect themselves from threatening thoughts or emotions.

34.  The term egocentrism refers to children's

The term egocentrism refers to children's tendency to view the world solely from their own perspective and struggle to understand the viewpoints of others. Egocentrism is a cognitive limitation observed in the preoperational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. During this stage, children have difficulty taking on the perspective of others, understanding that others may have different thoughts, beliefs, or knowledge. They often assume that everyone sees and experiences the world in the same way they do. This egocentric thinking gradually diminishes as children progress through Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

35. A form of therapy that applies the principle of reinforcement to bring about desired change is called

A form of therapy that applies the principle of reinforcement to bring about desired change is called behavioral therapy. Behavior therapy is a therapeutic approach that focuses on modifying maladaptive behaviors and promoting positive behaviors through the use of reinforcement techniques. It is based on the principles of behaviorism, which emphasize that behaviors can be learned, unlearned, or modified through conditioning processes. Behavior therapists often use techniques such as positive reinforcement, shaping, and behavior contracts to encourage desired behaviors and discourage undesirable ones. The aim of behavior therapy is to help individuals acquire new skills, change problematic behaviors, and improve their overall well-being.

36.  A fixed interval schedule is based on a

A fixed interval schedule is based on a fixed passage of time (Set period). In this schedule, reinforcement is delivered after a specific and constant amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement was provided. For example, in a fixed interval schedule with a 10-minute interval, reinforcement would be given every 10 minutes, regardless of the behavior exhibited by the individual. This type of schedule often leads to a characteristic pattern of behavior where the rate of responding increases as the anticipated reinforcement time approaches. 

37.  Oversimplified attitudes about entire groups of people are called

Oversimplified attitudes about entire groups of people are called stereotypes. Stereotypes involve generalizations, assumptions, or beliefs about the characteristics, behaviors, or attributes of a particular group based on limited information or preconceived notions. Stereotypes can be based on factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, or other social categories. It is important to note that stereotypes are often inaccurate, and overly simplistic, and can lead to unfair judgments or discrimination. Overcoming stereotypes involves recognizing individual differences and treating each person as a unique individual rather than making assumptions based on group membership.

38.  A Final barrier that prevents women  as a group from reaching top positions in the workplace is known as 

The final barrier that prevents women as a group from reaching top positions in the workplace is known as the glass ceiling. The term "glass ceiling" refers to the invisible barriers, biases, and obstacles that hinder the progress and advancement of women in their careers, particularly in reaching higher-level or executive positions within organizations. It symbolizes the unseen limitations and discriminatory practices that prevent women from ascending to the highest levels of leadership and decision-making roles, despite their qualifications and abilities. The glass ceiling can be attributed to factors such as gender bias, stereotyping, limited opportunities, unequal access to resources, and cultural or organizational norms that perpetuate gender inequality in the workplace.

39.  The Match between individual and organizational expectations is called

The match between individual and organizational expectations is called person-organization fit. Person-organization fit refers to the compatibility and alignment between an individual's values, beliefs, skills, and goals, and the values, culture, and objectives of the organization they work for. It involves the degree of congruence between the individual and the organization in terms of their mutual expectations, needs, and goals. When there is a good person-organization fit, it is believed to result in higher job satisfaction, commitment, and performance, as well as lower turnover rates.

40.  The Measure of central tendency is most affected by the presence of extreme values is the 

The measure of central tendency that is most affected by the presence of extreme values is the mean. The mean is calculated by summing all the values in a dataset and dividing by the total number of values. When extreme values (outliers) are present, they can significantly influence the mean because they have a disproportionate impact on the overall average. The mean is sensitive to extreme values because it takes into account the magnitude of each data point. In contrast, other measures of central tendency such as the median (middle value) and mode (most frequent value) are less affected by extreme values as they are based on the order or frequency of values rather than their actual numerical values.

41.  Learned Helplessness is a concept developed by 

Learned Helplessness is a concept developed by psychologist Martin Seligman. Martin Seligman conducted research on dogs and observed that when animals were exposed to uncontrollable and aversive events repeatedly, they eventually learned to become passive and helpless, even when opportunities for escape or avoidance were presented. Seligman extended this concept to humans and proposed that learned helplessness can develop when individuals perceive a lack of control over their environment and believe that their actions will not lead to desired outcomes. Learned helplessness has implications for understanding depression, motivation, and resilience.

42.  The uniqueness of individual experience and behavior is a focus of _ approach

The uniqueness of individual experience and behavior is a focus of the phenomenological approach. The phenomenological approach in psychology emphasizes the subjective experience and perspective of individuals as they perceive and interpret the world around them. It recognizes that each individual has a unique and subjective understanding of reality shaped by their personal experiences, thoughts, and emotions. Phenomenological psychologists seek to explore and understand the meaning and significance that individuals attribute to their experiences, as well as how these subjective experiences influence behavior, perception, and personal growth.

43.  The Kind of Healthy psychological and physical functioning after a potentially traumatic event is called

The kind of healthy psychological and physical functioning after a potentially traumatic event is called posttraumatic growth (PTG) resilience. Posttraumatic growth refers to positive psychological changes that individuals may experience following a traumatic event. While traumatic events can lead to distress and negative outcomes, some individuals also report personal growth, resilience, and positive changes in areas such as personal relationships, self-perception, priorities, and life philosophy. Posttraumatic growth is characterized by an increased appreciation for life, enhanced personal strengths, greater resilience, improved relationships, and a deeper sense of meaning and purpose. It represents an adaptive response to adversity and reflects the capacity for individuals to find meaning and positive transformation in the face of traumatic experiences.

44.  When Pavlov did his experiment with the dog, the sound of the bell was the 

When Pavlov conducted his famous experiment with the dog, the sound of the bell served as the conditioned stimulus (CS). In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he paired the sound of a bell (originally a neutral stimulus) with the presentation of food (an unconditioned stimulus, or US). The dog naturally salivated (an unconditioned response, or UR) in response to the food. Over time, through repeated pairings of the bell and the food, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the arrival of food. Eventually, the sound of the bell alone elicited salivation from the dog, even without the presence of food. In this process, the sound of the bell became a conditioned stimulus that triggered a conditioned response (CR) of salivation.

45. The compute IQ, which formula is used 

To compute IQ (Intelligence Quotient), the most commonly used formula is the deviation IQ formula. This formula compares an individual's performance on an intelligence test to the average performance of individuals in the same age group. The specific formula varies depending on the test and the scoring system used, but the general principle is to compare an individual's test score to the average score of a reference group and express it as a standardized deviation from the mean.

The formula for calculating IQ typically involves dividing the individual's test score by the average score of the reference group and multiplying by 100. This allows for the representation of IQ as a standardized score with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 or 16, depending on the test. An example is IQ=MC/NCx100. 

It's important to note that there are various intelligence tests and scoring systems, so the specific formula may differ slightly. Additionally, IQ is just one measure of intelligence and should be interpreted along with other factors and considerations in understanding an individual's cognitive abilities.

46. The ability of a person to develop something new which was not in existence, is known as

The ability of a person to develop something new which was not in existence is known as creativity. Creativity involves the generation of original ideas, concepts, or solutions that are valuable and novel. It is characterized by thinking outside the box, breaking conventional patterns, and making unique connections. Creativity can be expressed in various domains, such as art, music, science, technology, and problem-solving. It involves combining existing knowledge, skills, and experiences in innovative ways to create something new and meaningful. Creativity is considered a valuable and important human trait that contributes to innovation, advancement, and personal growth.

47.  The first Test developed to measure intelligence was designed by 

The first test developed to measure intelligence was designed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. In 1905, Binet and Simon created the Binet-Simon Scale, which was developed as a tool to identify children who might require additional educational support. The test aimed to assess various cognitive abilities, including attention, memory, problem-solving, and verbal skills, to provide an estimate of a child's intelligence level. The Binet-Simon Scale laid the foundation for subsequent intelligence tests and contributed to the development of modern intelligence testing. Over time, various revisions and adaptations of the test have been made, leading to the creation of different intelligence tests used today, such as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales.

48.  When a person is stressed out in the office, after reaching home he beats his children to release his tension, he is using which defense mechanism

The scenario you described, where a person beats their children to release tension after being stressed out in the office, may be an example of the defense mechanism known as displacement. Displacement involves redirecting or transferring one's emotions, frustrations, or impulses from the original source to a substitute target that is perceived as less threatening or safer to express those feelings. In this case, the person is displacing their anger and tension from the workplace onto their children, likely because they view them as a safer outlet for their emotions compared to expressing them directly in the office environment. It is important to note that using aggression as a means of stress relief is harmful and not an appropriate or healthy coping mechanism.

49.  Perception is

Perception refers to the process by which we interpret and make sense of sensory information received from our environment. It involves organizing, recognizing, and interpreting sensory stimuli such as sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and tactile sensations to create a meaningful experience of the world around us. Perception is influenced by various factors, including our past experiences, cultural background, expectations, attention, and cognitive processes. It plays a crucial role in our understanding of the world and guides our behavior and decision-making. Perception allows us to form mental representations of objects, events, and people, enabling us to navigate and interact with our surroundings effectively.

50. Thinking is also known as

Thinking is also known as cognition. Cognition refers to the mental processes and activities related to acquiring, processing, storing, and using information. It encompasses various cognitive processes such as perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, decision-making, reasoning, and language use. Thinking involves the manipulation of mental representations, concepts, and ideas to make sense of the world, solve problems, and make judgments. It encompasses both conscious and unconscious mental processes that contribute to our understanding, learning, and problem-solving abilities. Cognition is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence and plays a central role in how we perceive, interact with, and adapt to our environment.

51.  Vedanshi had written a list to do her weekend work but incidentally left it at home while going out for her first activity. trying to remember the list, vegans remember what was at the beginning of the list and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. This is an example of  

This is an example of the serial position effect, specifically the primacy and recency effect. The serial position effect refers to the tendency for individuals to better recall items that are presented at the beginning (primacy effect) and the end (recency effect) of a list or sequence, compared to items in the middle. In the scenario you described, Vedanshi remembers what was at the beginning (primacy) and the end (recency) of her to-do list but has difficulty recalling the items in the middle. This phenomenon occurs because items at the beginning of the list have had more opportunities for rehearsal and encoding into memory (primacy effect), while items at the end are still fresh in memory and have not been displaced or interfered with by subsequent information (recency effect). The items in the middle may be subject to interference or decay over time, leading to poorer recall.